эрзац памяти юного склерозника

Wed, 16 Jul 2008 04:35:40 GMT

1)Is It Culture or Is It Language? Examination of Language Effects in Cross-Cultural Research on Categorization; Li-Jun Ji, Richard E. Nisbett

Differences in reasoning styles between Chinese and European Americans held even when controlling for the language of testing. Bilingual Chinese organized objects in a more relational and less categorical way than European Americans, whether tested in English or in Chinese. Thus, culture affects categorization independent of the testing language. Nevertheless, language affected some Chinese bilinguals’ categorization. The responses of Chinese from the Mainland and Taiwan were more relational when tested in Chinese than when tested in English. Responses of Chinese from Hong Kong and Singapore were equally relational when tested in Chinese and in English. Age and context of learning English are discussed to explain the differential language effects among different Chinese groups. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.

2)Cultural variation in eye movements during scene perceptionHannah Faye Chua, Julie E. Boland, and Richard E. Nisbett*

In the past decade, cultural differences in perceptual judgment and memory have been observed: Westerners attend more to focal objects, whereas East Asians attend more to contextual information. However, the underlying mechanisms for the apparent differences in cognitive processing styles have not been known. In the present study, we examined the possibility that the cultural differences arise from culturally different viewing patterns when confronted with a naturalistic scene. We measured the eye movements of American and Chinese participants while they viewed photographs with a focal object on a complex background. In fact, the Americans fixated more on focal objects than did the Chinese, and the Americans tended to look at the focal object more quickly. In addition, the Chinese made more saccades to the background than did the Americans. Thus, it appears that differences in judgment and memory may have their origins in differences in what is actually attended as people view a scene.

3)Thinking about the self influences thinking in general: cognitive consequences of salient self-concept; Ulrich Kuhnen and Daphna Oyserman

Two studies support our hypothesis that connected and interdependent self-focus evokes a generally context-dependent cognitive mode (focused on object–context relations) and provide some evidence that separate and independent self-focus evokes a generally context-independent cognitive mode (focused on objects,independent of contexts). Consistent with our predictions,experimental manipulation of interdependent self-focus influences cognitive speed/accuracy (Experiment 1) and memory (Experiment 2). When primed self-focus is congruent with the perceptual task at hand,perceptual speed increases (as shown by a significant task by prime interaction effect) and when primed,interdependent self-focus improves memory for incidentally encoded contextual information. Further research to link primed and chronic self-focus effects is called for.

4)Culture and the Physical Environment.

5)The influence of culture: holistic versus analytic perception; Richard E. Nisbett and Yuri Miyamoto

There is recent evidence that perceptual processes are influenced by culture. Westerners tend to engage in context-independent and analytic perceptual processes by focusing on a salient object independently of its context, whereas Asians tend to engage in contextdependent and holistic perceptual processes by attending to the relationship between the object and the context in which the object is located. Recent research has explored mechanisms underlying such cultural differences, which indicate that participating in different social practices leads to both chronic as well as temporary shifts in perception. These findings establish a dynamic relationship between the cultural context and perceptual processes. We suggest that perception can no longer be regarded as consisting of processes that are universal across all people at all times.

6) Cultural preferences for formal versus intuitive reasoning; Ara Norenzayan, Edward E. Smith, Beom Jun Kim, Richard E. Nisbett

The authors examined cultural preferences for formal versus intuitive reasoning among East Asian (Chinese and Korean), Asian American, and European American university students. We investigated categorization (Studies 1 and 2), conceptual structure (Study 3), and deductive reasoning (Studies 3 and 4). In each study a cognitive conflict was activated between formal and intuitive strategies of reasoning. European Americans, more than Chinese and Koreans, set aside intuition in favor of formal reasoning. Conversely, Chinese and Koreans relied on intuitive strategies more than European Americans. Asian Americans’ reasoning was either identical to that of European Americans, or intermediate. Differences emerged against a background of similar reasoning tendencies across cultures in the absence of conflict between formal and intuitive strategies.

The authors present a new approach to culture and cognition, which focuses on the dynamics through which specific pieces of cultural knowledge (implicit theories) become operative in guiding the construction of meaning from a stimulus. Whether a construct comes to the fore in a perceiver's mind depends on the extent to which the construct is highly accessible (because of recent exposure). In a series of cognitive priming experiments, the authors simulated the experience of bicultural individuals (people who have internalized two cultures) of switching between different cultural frames in response to culturally laden symbols. The authors' discuss how this dynamic, constructivist approach illuminates (a) when cultural constructs are potent drivers of behavior and (b) how bicultural individuals may control the cognitive effects of culture.

Holistic Versus Analytic Perceptual Affordances; Yuri Miyamoto, Richard E. Nisbett, and Takahiko Masuda

Westerners’ perceptions tend to focus on salient foreground objects, whereas Asians are more inclined to focus on contexts. We hypothesized that such culturally specific patterns of attention may be afforded by the perceptual environment of each culture. In order to test this hypothesis, we randomly sampled pictures of scenes from small, medium, and large cities in Japan and the United States. Using both subjective and objective measures, Study 1 demonstrated that Japanese scenes were more ambiguous and contained more elements than American scenes. Japanese scenes thus may encourage perception of the context more than American scenes. In Study 2, pictures of locations in cities were presented as primes, and participants’ subsequent patterns of attention were measured. Both Japanese and American participants primed with Japanese scenes attended more to contextual information than did those primed with American scenes. These results provide evidence that culturally characteristic environments may afford distinctive patterns of perception.

7) Multicultural Minds. Dynamic Constructivist Approach to Culture and Cognition; Ying-yi Hong, Michael W. Morris, Chi-yue Chiu, Veronica Benet-Martinez8) PERCEIVING AN OBJECT AND ITS CONTEXT IN DIFFERENT CULTURES: A Cultural Look at New Look; Shinobu Kitayama, Sean Duffy, Tadashi Kawamura, and Jeff T. Larsen
In two studies, a newly devised test (framed-line test) was used to examine the hypothesis that individuals engaging in Asian cultures are more capable of incorporating contextual information and those engaging in North American cultures are more capable of ignoring contextual information. On each trial, participants were presented with a square frame, within which was printed a vertical line. Participants were then shown another square frame of the same or different size and asked to draw a line that was identical to the first line in either absolute length (
Research on perception and cognition suggests that whereas East Asians view the world holistically,attending to the entire field and relations among objects,Westerners view the world analytically, focusing on the attributes of salient objects. These propositions were examined in the change-blindness paradigm. Research in that paradigm finds American participants to be more sensitive to changes in focal objects than to changes in the periphery or context. We anticipated that this would be less true for East Asians and that they would be more sensitive to context changes than would Americans. We presented participants with still photos and with animated vignettes having changes in focal object information and contextual information. Compared to Americans, East Asians were more sensitive to contextual changes than to focal object changes. These results suggest that there can be cultural variation in what may seem to be basic perceptual processes.
10)Culture and point of view;
East Asians and Westerners perceive the world and think about it in very different ways. Westerners are inclined to attend to some focal object, analyzing its attributes and categorizing it in an effort to find out what rules govern its behavior. Rules used include formal logic. Causal attributions tend to focus exclusively on the object and are therefore often mistaken. East Asians are more likely to attend to a broad perceptual and conceptual field, noticing relationships and changes and grouping objects based on family resemblance rather than category membership. Causal attributions emphasize the context. Social factors are likely to be important in directing attention. East Asians live in complex social networks with prescribed role relations. Attention to context is important to effective functioning. More independent Westerners live in less constraining social worlds and have the luxury of attending to the object and their goals with respect to it. The physical ‘‘affordances’’ of the environment may also influence perception. The built environments of the East are more complex and contain more objects than do those of the West. In addition, artistic products of the East emphasize the field and deemphasize individual objects, including people. Western art renders less of the field and emphasizes individual objects and people.

Richard E. Nisbett, Kaiping Peng, Incheol Choi, Ara Norenzayan
11)Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic Versus Analytic Cognition;
The authors find East Asians to be
12) Culture, Education, and the Attribution of Physical Causality; Kaiping Peng and Eric D. Knowles
Two studies investigated the impact of culturally instilled folk theories on the perception of physical events. In Study 1, Americans and Chinese with no formal physics education were found to emphasize different causes in their explanations for eight physical events, with Americans attributing them more to dispositional factors (e.g., weight) and less to contextual factors (e.g., a medium) than did Chinese. In Study 2, Chinese Americans’ identity as Asians or as Americans was primed before having them explain the events used in Study 1. Asian-primed participants endorsed dispositional explanations to a lesser degree and contextual explanations to a greater degree than did American-primed participants, although priming effects were observed only for students with little physics education. Together, these studies suggest that culturally instilled folk theories of physics produce cultural differences in the perception of physical causality.
holistic, attending to the entire field and assigning causality to it, making relatively little use of categories and formal logic, and relying on "dialectical" reasoning, whereas Westerners are more analytic, paying attention primarily to the object and the categories to which it belongs and using rules, including formal logic, to understand its behavior. The 2 types of cognitive processes are embedded in different naive metaphysical systems and tacit epistemologies. The authors speculate that the origin of these differences is traceable to markedly different social systems. The theory and the evidence presented call into question long-held assumptions about basic cognitive processes and even about the appropriateness of the process-content distinction.

Richard E. Nisbett and Takahiko Masuda

absolute task ) or proportion to the height of the surrounding frame (relative task ). The results supported the hypothesis: Whereas Japanese were more accurate in the relative task, Americans were more accurate in the absolute task. Moreover, when engaging in another culture, individuals tended to show the cognitive characteristic common in the host culture.

9)Culture and Change Blindness; Takahiko Masuda, Richard E. Nisbett

Sun, 08 Jun 2008 13:54:46 GMT

14ого февраля, 2008 г. Красная Площадь, Чч.

cyclops night

Thu, 07 Feb 2008 07:49:02 GMT

2025 hrs of sunshine per year. silent film

Thu, 07 Feb 2008 04:24:33 GMT

Wellington has the 12th best quality of living in the world

With privatization, young people would be hurt twice -- ﬁrst when they pay the bill and then when their beneﬁts are reduced. ...

la corsairre

Thu, 07 Feb 2008 03:48:45 GMT

no ingrid we cant tell at all that you're pulling in your stomach

just for an idea of the atmosphere

caught in the act, by 'anja the papaparazzi'

comments on this photo NOt welcome thank you))

anja reminds me of an old well loved teddy bear here for some reason...yeah. dont ask!

so cute

some pediatrics by 'anja the art-photographer'

they look like theyre on a mission

serious russian invasion

empty camping mug

part two. the art of domesticity. no further comments needed imho. enjoy))

Саше 21

Fri, 01 Feb 2008 06:26:38 GMT

In 2007 Sasha celebrated her birthday three times. All in different corners of our fair land. This is take three, in Chch, on her actual birth date. The 'quiet family bbq' version. Extended family of course, including family she hadnt quite even met before. Drastic change of plans, the most random presents, still enough food to feed an army (always need to be prepared), at least three cakes (staying true to Abelentsev traditions), the latest russian music videos from kazakhstan. A lot of laughing. What else? Help me out in the comments people.

i was trying to take a photo of the flowers, anja))

софья с рожками

семейный хрусталь))

not the best quality photo i know, but i cant resist photos with real genuine (неподдельный!) laughter

probably giving everyone a bit of a lecture on health and wellbeing))

dolce gabana stud

fondue

Mon, 03 Dec 2007 11:26:40 GMT

to celebrate jiehe's new job if i remember correctly. sorry i took ages to put these out, everyone. special apologies to dugald re: photo 5)) i quite like the lighting in these photos, it makes even the ugly things like coke bottles, etc look atmosphery and almost delicate))

whoever knew a plain strawberry could be enough for the heavenly pleasure we can see on anja's face

sky on fire

Mon, 03 Dec 2007 10:52:04 GMT

Monastery. Bombala

Mon, 03 Dec 2007 10:02:35 GMT

surfing. new brighton.

Mon, 03 Dec 2007 08:24:47 GMT

вольные просторы

Tue, 14 Aug 2007 07:50:52 GMT

Когда была помладше меня эта широкость и пустынность радражали. Часами едешь - вокруг ни душы живой! И не только в малонаселенности дело - мне почему-то в этом всём чудился символ "широкого пути", в противоположии того узкого, сложного, но единственного верного. Действительно тут дороги все достаточно широкие. Но главное, иногда казалось что вообще от такого путешествия (--> по стране / по жизни) никакого азарта - ни риска, ни сложностей; да и не столько пользы, как могло бы быть.

В какой-то момент случился перелом, и теперь по случаю пересечения этих просторов эффект умиротворяющий и почти целительный. Душу лечит. Должная признаться, началось не с того чтобы как-нибудь там эстетически к просторам проникнуться, а вот как.

Пришла мне мысль что в этой широкости Новая Зеландия чем то напоминает Россию. Мысль может и неверная, и странная, да и вообще дурацкая привыка все время такие сравнения проводить. Сравнения идет в основном с Россией идеализированной, может даже с ее идей какой-то, и результаты такого сопоставления очень редко на стороне той страны где живу я сейчас. В то время когда сейчас здорового патриотизма в самой Росси похоже остро не хватает во многих кругах, мне - как иммигранту - с этим нужно быть осторожней, чтобы жизнь настоящего момента не отравить.  Несмотря на то что родилась эта идея из такой тенденции оценивать качество чего-то частично по признаку их русскости или хотя бы похожести на что-то русское(в чем я себе призналась не сразу, так как пытаюсь активно бороться этим ошибочном взглядом), в конечном итоге результат наоборот что я научилась немного больше ценить эту срану за эту ее особенность. А так же присматриваться к ее природе внимательно, так как что-что но в недостатке природной красоты ее не попрекнешь.

Tue, 14 Aug 2007 05:22:29 GMT

за что люблю свой универ

Mon, 06 Aug 2007 00:49:01 GMT

за ярко-выраженные сезоны года и птичьи песни на закате каких в городе не слышно

за то что туда доехать быстрей на велике чем на машине

за то что всеобщий пофигизм о стиле и аккуратности позволяет проснуться за 15 минут до лекции, накинуть че попадет первое под руку а стыдно не будет

за то что когда за эти 15 минут всетаки не успеваешь добраться до лекц.зала, при прокрадывании в класс с 20 минутным опозданием, ты заслуживаешь всего один еле уловимый блеск раздражения во взгляде препода

ну пожалуй и все

Wed, 23 May 2007 07:03:03 GMT

недавно нашла статью где-то на сайте правмир.ру про удивительную девочку Соню

Раз тут всеравно пока никто не читает, оставлю тут для себя вот такое напомнинание, и окончательное докозательство. Просто чтоб было. Доказательство чего? Не буду ломать голову, заключение автора статьи вполне выражает и мои мысли об особой важности слов этой девочки:

"...что же следует считать инвалидностью не в прагматическом социальном смысле, которому, в основном посвящен доклад, а в более глубоком значении, с которым мы с очевидностью встречаемся в примере Сони (и не только ее)? Как отличить, что перед нами: глубокая неполноценность ребенка? Или особый путь человека перед Богом, драгоценный путь? - Наше достояние и милость Божья к нам?"

Если я когда-нибудь всетаки доучусь на дет.психолога и буду работать с больными детьми, то завещаю себе читать этот пост ежедневно. Чтоб не терять надежду и напоминать себе об уникальности этих детей.

В двух словах: Соне в это время 8-9 лет. У нее аутизм и она очень много всего не умеет. Ну например сама есть ложкой. Или разговаривать. Подробнее можно почитать http://www.pravmir.ru/article_1895.html

« «Наука – это система знаний, основанных на сомнении».

Кто знаком с науками изнутри, удивится точности слов. Сомнение – один из методологических столпов науки (другой – вера [5] ).

«Мысль – есть самая великая, после любви, сила в мире».

«Стыд это огонь, выжигающий грех из души».

«Душа – это пустое место в человеке, которое человек может заполнить Богом, или сатаной». »

«Люди разные, как звезды
Ялюблю всех,
Сердце вмещает все звезды Вселенной»

«Мне нравятся ночь идень.
Мне нравится их непохожесть.
Их шитость тоже нравится мне,
Шитость звёздами иСолнца лучами.
Мне нравятся их чудеса итайны.
Шитость великой Книги событий,
Книги, которую пишет Бог омире».

«Мне страшно. Голова гудит.
Там мечутся слова ипросятся уйти.
«Пусти нас, Соня, вмир пусти!»
Но рот мой на замке,
Аключ кзамку вмозгу—
Икак его достать?
Ну помогитеж мне!

:Яне хочу немой остаться,
Но страх засовом запер рот.
Слова рождаются, живут ичудеса творят
Вмирах, что вголове ясоздаю… Ивот
Вконце концов иумирают. Чтоб им жить,
Их надо вмир, вовне пустить.
Но как? Скажите мне!
Авдруг их люди не поймут?
Сквозь рот мой проходя,
Изменятся слова, их мир не примет,
Оттолкнёт, авместе сними— именя?
Как жить? Мне страшно. Голова гудит».

«Мне почему-то очень надо
Стекло бордовое заката
В оранжевое утро превратить.

Своею радостью окрасить
Дома, заборы,
Плачем и слезами
Омыть все окна и дороги.
Весь мусор жизни
Мощным током крови
Снести и в своем сердце сжечь.

И это все не жертва, нет,
А просто помощь заблудившемуся миру».